As a whole, China is faced with the problems of the decommissioning of large quantities of new energy vehicles, waste power batteries, low utilization of power batteries, and the large demand for used power batteries in related fields. If not properly solved, it will cause many adverse effects on China's new energy automotive industry and the economy and society. The low recovery of power batteries will bring a series of adverse effects. In order to eliminate the above problems and risks, it is necessary for China to speed up the construction of a power battery recycling system.
Developing new energy vehicles is a strategic way for China to build a powerful automobile country. In 2016, the production and sales volume of China's new energy vehicles exceeded 500,000, and the number of new energy vehicles exceeded 1 million, accounting for 50% of the global new energy vehicle market, and it became the world's largest market for new energy vehicles. In the future, China's new energy automotive market will continue to grow rapidly. In 2020, the production and sales volume will reach 2 million, and the number of possessions will exceed 5 million.
The large-scale use of new energy vehicles will lead to a concentrated outbreak of power battery recycling problems. According to the experience, the cycle of scrapping the power battery of the new-energy automobile for operation in China is 3-5 years, and the retirement cycle of private passenger car is 5-8 years. At present, China has a number of new energy vehicles that were promoted before 2012 to enter the power battery recycling period. From the perspective of the development of China's new energy vehicle market, the annual sales of new energy vehicles in China before 2015 will be less than 100,000 vehicles. Starting in 2015, the annual sales volume will begin to exceed 300,000 vehicles. This means that since 2018, China will gradually face the problem of large-scale recycling of power batteries. In order to ensure the sustainable development of the new energy automobile industry, China should consider and plan its layout from a strategic perspective, and accelerate the construction of a power battery recycling system.
Currently is an opportunity window for China to build a power battery recycling system
As a whole, China is faced with the problems of the decommissioning of large quantities of new energy vehicles, waste power batteries, low utilization of power batteries, and the large demand for used power batteries in related fields. If not properly solved, it will cause many adverse effects on China's new energy automotive industry and the economy and society. From the perspective of the growth trend of used power batteries, the number of waste power batteries in China will exceed 300,000 tons in 2018 and 500,000 tons in 2020. Due to imperfect power battery recycling system, China's power battery recycling rate is low. According to statistics, in 2015, the total number of scrapped batteries was 20,000 to 40,000 tons, but the corresponding recovery rate was only 2%. In 2016, the number of used power batteries recovered was less than 10,000 tons, and the recycling rate was less than 20%.
The low recovery of power batteries will bring a series of adverse effects. With regard to resource constraints, if the problem of recycling of power batteries cannot be solved, by 2020, the development of new energy vehicles in China will lead to a conflict between the supply and demand of cobalt resources, and even be subject to foreign risks. In terms of ecological environment, if the recovery rate of power batteries remains at the current low level, there will be a large number of waste power batteries flowing into private small workshops or abandoned, which will bring enormous challenges to the ecological environment. In terms of demand in other fields, China has more than 100 million electric bicycles and millions of low-speed electric vehicles. Their demand for lithium-ion power batteries has grown rapidly. If demand cannot be met, it will have a significant negative impact on these areas.
The above analysis shows that this is an important window of opportunity for China to build a power battery recycling system. In order to eliminate the above problems and risks, it is necessary for China to speed up the construction of a power battery recycling system.
Current problems and obstacles in the recycling of power batteries
(I) Outstanding Problems in Recycling and Utilization of Power Battery in China
In recent years, under the drive of the new energy automobile industry and the promotion of national support policies, China’s new energy vehicle power battery recycling system has made some progress. However, due to the problems of immature power battery recycling technology, imperfect recycling network, imperfect support system, and lack of business model innovation, China's power battery recycling system is not mature enough, and the problems of high recycling cost and low efficiency are prominent.
Industrialization technology is not mature
The key technologies for industrialization include the elimination of power battery recycling front-end emergency power battery deciding standards and detection technology, battery life evaluation technology for step-by-step use, and automated cell disassembly and material sorting. In terms of power battery recycling technology, some power battery recycling companies adopt manual dismantling technology and traditional recycling processes to solve environmental problems and safety problems caused by poor dismantling and recycling. In respect of power battery recycling equipment, due to non-standard equipment and lack of standardization, it is still not able to produce on a large scale and the cost is high.
2. The recycling network is not perfect
The recycling network is the main component of the power battery recycling system. However, due to the shortage of power battery recycling companies, the small number of participating parties, and the imperfect recycling channels, China's power battery recycling network is still not perfect. First, there are fewer companies that recycle power batteries. At present, China has formed a number of specialized power battery recycling companies, such as Guangdong Bangpu, Shenzhen Gelimui, Jiangxi Yufeng Lithium and so on, but the number is less. With regard to the use of ladders, the State Grid and China Electric Power Research Institute have actively promoted the use of power battery cascades, but the technology is still not mature enough and large-scale promotion will take time. Second, power battery recycling channels are not smooth. As the large-scale scrapping period of power batteries approaches, more and more new entrants will begin to arrange power battery recycling. However, due to the unclear leading enterprises for power battery recycling, and local governments, national grids, and public transport companies managing their respective waste power battery resources, there is no synergy between power battery recycling companies and new entrants. This has led to the recycling of power batteries. The channel is not perfect and it is not open.
3. The support system is not sound
At present, China's power battery recycling support system is not sound enough. This is not only reflected in the imperfections of relevant management regulations and standards systems for power battery recycling companies, but also the incompleteness of supporting policies such as power battery recycling technology R&D and fiscal tax incentives. Due to the imperfect management regulations for power battery recycling and the confusing management of the industry, some non-standard small workshops have taken on the role of the recycling entity. As these small workshops do not have relevant qualifications, there are widespread security risks and environmental risks.
In some core areas of power battery recycling, the lack of management practices and support policies has caused significant restrictions on recycling. For example, the lack of necessary regulations for storage and transportation of decommissioned power batteries makes it easy to cause environmental problems and safety risks due to non-standard storage and transportation; R&D of power battery recycling industrialization technologies, especially the research and development of key common technologies that are urgently needed, are not necessary. Support; and, for the power battery recycling companies also lack the necessary fiscal incentives, which also led to the recovery of some low-value or no residual power battery.
4. The lack of business model innovation
With the increasingly urgent problem of power battery recycling, some new energy auto companies, power battery companies, scrap car dismantling companies, battery materials companies have the desire to participate in the recycling of power batteries. Although these enterprises all have certain resources, due to the lack of business model innovation, a clear business model cannot be formed, and the sustainable power battery recycling model is difficult to start. In addition, as the markets for low-speed electric vehicles, electric bicycles, and energy storage have not yet been fully liberalized, new energy vehicle companies and power battery companies have not yet opened BMS data to power battery recycling companies, and the resources required for business model innovation are integrated and cross-linked. It is difficult to achieve coordination in the sector.
(II) Crucial analysis of existing battery recycling in China
The above analysis shows that China's power battery recycling and utilization of industrialization technology is not mature, recovery network construction is lagging behind, support policies and regulatory measures are not in place, lack of business model innovation and other issues are outstanding, which led to China's power battery recycling system is not perfect. Because the power battery recycling system is not perfect, China's power battery recycling is inefficient and uneconomic, and there are potential safety hazards and environmental risks.
1. Low recycling efficiency
The lack of a sound recycling system is a major cause of low recycling efficiency. Specifically, there are several reasons that affect the efficiency of power battery recycling: First, there are a large variety of power batteries, and the power battery dismantling process is quite different. In addition, the power battery evaluation, disassembly, and sorting technologies are not yet mature. As a result, China's power battery recycling front-end efficiency is low. Secondly, due to the immature business model of power battery recycling, it is difficult for power battery recycling companies to acquire resources that are owned by new energy auto companies and power battery companies, and it is difficult to form cross-border cooperation with energy storage and other fields. Finally, the enthusiasm of consumers and related companies is low, resulting in low efficiency of the recycling of power batteries.
2. Recycling is not economical
Due to factors such as low recycling efficiency, immature recycling technology, and lack of scale, China's power battery recycling is generally uneconomic. First of all, due to the cumbersome recycling process of power batteries, recycling costs are high. Due to the difficulty of dismantling and sorting due to a wide variety of power batteries, and the complexity of dismantling and recycling processes, secondary design costs and processing costs have increased significantly. Secondly, the immature technology for recycling and using power batteries is also an important reason for the uneconomical recycling. For example, a power battery recycling company using traditional technology will lose 430 yuan in recycling and processing 1 ton of waste lithium iron phosphate power battery. Finally, the recycling effect of power batteries has not yet reached scale. At present, the scrapping and recycling of power batteries for new energy vehicles in China has not yet broken out on a large scale, resulting in a relatively small amount of power battery recycling. This has further led to the uneconomical scale of power battery recycling companies.
3. There are safety risks in recycling
The power batteries of new energy vehicles are large in size and high in energy density. The corresponding power battery recycling process is long and the process is complicated. Under the current imperfect condition of the power battery recycling system, safety hazards are likely to occur. For example, due to the incompleteness of technologies such as waste power battery evaluation and sorting, the consistency of power battery cells cannot be guaranteed, resulting in decommissioning power batteries used for step-by-step utilization can easily cause short-circuit overheating of batteries during repeated charging and discharging processes, causing The burning of electrolytes even exploded. In addition, due to the unstable state of the waste power battery, if it is not properly packaged and safely handled during transportation, it may cause short circuit, fire, and even explosion.
4. Recycling has environmental risks
The imperfections of the power recovery and utilization system are also likely to cause ecological and environmental risks. For example, some decommissioned power battery consumer products have flowed into the market and have been separated from the relatively strict power battery supervision system and cannot be effectively recovered. What is even more serious is that lithium hexafluorophosphate, which is an electrolyte in the electrolyte of the power battery, is extremely corrosive. When it encounters water, it decomposes to generate highly toxic gases such as HF. If it is discarded at will, it will cause serious pollution. Colleagues, many traditional scrap car dismantling companies have undertaken dismantling of used power batteries. Because they do not have professional power battery storage sites, management methods are relatively extensive, and their storage sites are often designed for the storage of general automobile dismantling parts. The dismantling products are stacked randomly after being classified, which has great environmental risks.
Policy Suggestions on Recycling and Utilization of Power Battery in China
At present, China’s power battery recycling system has made some progress, but due to the immature industrialization of recycling, imperfect recycling networks, imperfect management measures, inadequate support policies, and lack of business model innovation, China’s power battery recycling Low efficiency, uneconomical, potential safety risks and outbreak of environmental risks are large, and it is still unable to meet the demand for high-volume power battery recycling. In order to implement the strategy of building a strong national automobile, speeding up the transformation and upgrading of the auto industry and realizing the sustainable development of the new energy auto industry, it is necessary for China to strategically allocate its power battery recycling system to ensure the recovery and utilization of large quantities of power batteries. To speed up the construction of a power battery recycling system, China needs to do the following:
1. Make top-level coordination and design
To lay out the power battery recycling system from a strategic height, the top priority is to do top-level design. To this end, the state must formulate specific guidelines for the recycling and utilization of power batteries, clarify the direction of the development and recovery of power batteries, identify key tasks such as the research and development of power battery recycling technologies, recycling network construction, business model innovation, and support system construction, and deploy central departments and Local government work arrangements. The State Council took the lead and relied on the inter-ministerial joint conference system for the development of energy-saving and new energy auto industries to strengthen coordination among departments, strengthen guidance and supervision of local governments, and timely summarize and promote the successful experience and effective practices of power battery recycling. State Department report.
2. Strengthen industrialization technology
Accelerate the research and development of key common technologies such as the determination criteria and detection technology for decommissioning of power batteries, the assessment technology of battery life using cascades, the automated dismantling of single cells, and the material sorting technology. Encourage the research and development of new technologies and technologies for the recycling of power batteries, improve the pretreatment technology before recycling, and adopt more advanced preparation processes to maximize the extraction of various types of elements in used power batteries, while reducing subsequent pollution, Get high value-added recycled materials. The development of recycling technologies that can more easily achieve batch processing will continue to enhance the existing recycling technology and technological level. We will promote the standardization and scale of key equipment for the recovery and utilization of power batteries and upgrade the automation of equipment. Increase the production, control and testing equipment innovation, and promote the construction of the entire industrial chain engineering and technology capabilities.
3. Sound recovery network
Build a recycling company that uses power batteries as the main body, and new energy vehicle companies, power battery companies, energy storage and other entities participate in the recycling network. Encourage the recycling of power batteries and the use of new companies in order to support the development of recycling companies. Powerful battery recycling companies, new energy auto companies, and power battery companies are all supported. Strengthen coordination and collaboration, effectively integrate resources, and accelerate the adoption of power battery recycling companies. New energy vehicle distribution networks, power battery recycling sites, and scrap car dismantling companies are the main players. New energy auto companies, power battery companies, and energy storage entities The main body of local governments and other entities actively participate in the power battery recycling network.
4. Innovative business model
To build a business model in which power battery recycling companies, new energy auto companies, power battery companies, and consumers benefit, and the expansion of the recycling and utilization network of power batteries through the continuous improvement of recycling capacity is a necessary way to promote the recycling of power batteries. Strong protection. Encourage innovative and innovative business models such as high-tech and innovative power battery recycling companies, powerful new energy auto companies, and power battery companies, and create value by satisfying the needs of decommissioning power batteries for recycling, and involve business models. Gain value. Encourage business model innovation main bodies to improve power battery recycling capabilities by adopting new technologies and integrating emerging technologies. Accelerate the elimination of institutional and institutional barriers, create conditions for innovative integration of resources for cross-domain integration of business model innovation entities, and encourage more social resources to participate in the business model innovation of power battery recycling.
5. Conduct pilot demonstration
The pilot demonstration of power battery recycling and utilization will be carried out, and pilot demonstrations will be used to accelerate the construction of a power battery recycling system. Select new energy vehicles to develop focus areas and power battery recycling better use of basic cities, and actively carry out pilot demonstration of power battery recycling. We will guide the pilot regions to accelerate the improvement of the management and support policies for power battery recycling, actively develop business model innovation, and accelerate the construction of a power battery recycling network. Summarize the experimental experience of pilot demonstration of power battery recycling, form a recycling model that can be replicated and promote, and achieve a wide range of applications.
6. Improve support system
Formulate support policies for power battery recycling, improve recycling management measures, and gradually improve the power battery recycling support system. The study introduced targeted support policies and strengthened incentives for the recycling of power batteries. Combining with national R&D projects such as key R&D projects, it will focus on supporting key technologies for the recycling and utilization of power batteries, research and development of key equipment for recycling, and supporting the research and development of new technologies and technologies for the recycling and utilization of power batteries. A reward fund was set up to reward the experimental pilots for battery recycling. Explore the establishment of a deposit system for power battery recycling, and encourage new energy vehicle consumers and auto scrapping and dismantling companies. Formulate fiscal and tax support policies, provide tax incentives for power battery recycling companies, and subsidize low-residency power battery recycling companies. Establish a power battery recycling public service platform, improve the evaluation mechanism and pricing mechanism of used power batteries, and establish a recycling market for used power batteries.
Improve relevant standards and management specifications for power battery recycling and improve management measures for recycling. Promulgated the details of the power battery management specification, further clarified the main responsibility for the recovery and utilization of the power battery, and carried out qualification certification for power battery recycling companies. Accelerate the formulation of related standards such as power battery classification, packaging, transportation, storage, cascade utilization, and scrapping of new energy vehicles, and strengthen the safety management of power battery recycling. Strengthen the regulation and management of power battery recycling, and impose strict penalties on companies that are in violation of regulations regarding recycling processes and environmental protection and safety issues.
7. Convergence of emerging technologies
Integrate emerging technologies such as the Internet, big data, and the Internet of Things to improve the quality and efficiency of power battery recycling. The use of big data and other means to improve the efficiency of waste power battery assessment and sorting, and strengthen the cooperation in such areas as classification, packaging, transportation, storage, and cascade utilization. Strengthen the application of the new generation of information technology in the life cycle of power batteries, combine the main bodies of new energy vehicles and power battery companies, power battery sorting and dismantling companies, and ladder utilization enterprises, build a reverse big data system, and realize the use of waste power Battery traceability management system.
8. Strengthen financing support
Encourage the use of social capital to set up a special fund for the recovery and utilization of power batteries, and use PPP to create conditions for social capital to participate in the recycling of power batteries. Encourage financial institutions to innovate financial products and insurance varieties under the principle of commercial sustainability, and comprehensively use policies such as risk compensation to improve the financial service system. Promote pledged financing methods such as equity, project income rights, and franchise rights, speed up the establishment of a multi-level guarantee system that includes financial contributions and social capital investment, actively promote the establishment of financing guarantee funds, and expand the use of power battery recycling companies, companies using ladders, and related entities. Financing channels.
China's power battery recycling system has made some progress, but due to the immature industrialization of recycling technology, imperfect recycling networks, imperfect management measures, inadequate support policies, and lack of business model innovation, China's power battery recycling efficiency is low. , Uneconomical, potential safety hazards and environmental risks are highly likely to break out, yet they cannot meet the demand for high-volume power battery recycling. In order to implement the strategy of building a strong national automobile, speeding up the transformation and upgrading of the auto industry and realizing the sustainable development of the new energy auto industry, it is necessary for China to strategically allocate its power battery recycling system to ensure the recovery and utilization of large quantities of power batteries.
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