LED semiconductor lighting network as a lighting person, lighting knowledge must be solid and firm, but the status quo, as we often hang on the lips are the kinds of lighting, and then the illuminance, brightness, color temperature, color difference and other words, in fact In addition, there are many lighting vocabulary for the lighting industry, just because we have less everyday, so some of you may have heard it, but most of them are in the wind. Based on this, Xiaobian is a small angel of science. Organize the professional vocabulary and notes that are commonly used in the lighting industry. Please take it well, no thanks!
1, green lighting green lights
The green lighting connotation includes four indicators of high efficiency, energy saving, environmental protection, safety and comfort, which are indispensable. Energy-efficient means that you can get enough lighting by consuming less electric energy, which can significantly reduce the emission of air pollutants from power plants and achieve environmental protection. Safety and comfort mean that the light is clear, soft and does not produce harmful light such as ultraviolet rays and glare, and does not cause light pollution.
2, visual work visual task
In the work and activities, the observation process of the details and targets presented in front of the background. Visual work is divided into primary visual work and secondary visual work, depending on the area in which the vision stays.
Figure: The main illumination area of ​​the desk lamp is the main visual operation, and the diffused light is the secondary visual operation.
3, luminous flux luminous flux
Light metric derived from the effect of radiation on a standard luminosity observer. The unit is lumens (lm), 1lm=1cd/1sr. For Ming Vision there are:
In the middle
dΦe(λ)/dλ--the spectral distribution of the radiant flux;
ν(λ)--spectral light (visual) efficiency;
Km - The maximum value of the spectral (visual) performance of radiation in lumens per watt (lm/W). In the case of monochromatic radiation, the Km value under bright visual conditions is 683 lm/W (when λm = 555 nm).
Figure: Schematic diagram of luminous flux principle
4, luminous intensity
The luminous intensity of the illuminant in a given direction is the quotient obtained by dividing the luminous flux dΦ transmitted in the solid angle element dΩ of the illuminating body by the solid angle element, that is, the luminous flux per unit solid angle. The unit is Candela (cd), lcd = 1 lm / sr.
Figure: Schematic diagram of luminous intensity distribution
5, brightness luminance
The amount defined by the formula L = d2 Φ / (dA · cos θ · d Ω), the unit is candela per square meter (cd / m2).
In the middle
dΦ--the luminous flux (lm) transmitted by a beam element at a given point and containing a solid angle dΩ in a given direction;
dA--including the beam cross-sectional area (m2) at a given point;
Θ—the angle between the normal of the beam section and the beam direction.
6, illuminance illuminance
Light intensity refers to the energy of visible light per unit area, referred to as illuminance, unit lux (Lux or Lx). A physical term used to indicate the intensity of illumination and the amount by which the surface area of ​​an object is illuminated.
The calculation method is the quotient of the luminous flux dΦ incident on the bin including the point divided by the panel area dA, and the unit is lux (lx), 1lx=1lx/m2.
Many students will confuse the illuminance and brightness. How do you distinguish it? A picture tells you!
Figure: The way in which brightness and illuminance are generated and distinguished. (LOGO hand-painted)
So, the same space, different basic tone contrast requirements are different
Figure: Requirements for classroom contrast in white base tones. (LEGO hand-painted)
Figure: Requirements for classroom contrast in black base tones. (LEGO hand-painted)
7, average illumination average illuminance
Quite simply, the source illuminates the average of the illuminance at each point on the specified surface.
8, maintain the average illumination maintained average illuminance
The average illuminance on the specified surface shall not be lower than this value. It is the time when the lighting device must be maintained,
The average illuminance on the surface.
　 9, reference plane reference plane
A plane that measures or specifies the illuminance.
10, working plane working plane
A plane that works on its surface.
11, maintenance factor maintenance factor
The ratio of the average illuminance or average brightness of a illuminating device on a given surface after a certain period of use, compared to the average illuminance or average brightness obtained on the same surface when the device is newly installed under the same conditions.
After the lighting system is used for a long time, the illumination on the working surface is reduced because the light output of the light source itself is reduced, the aging of the lighting material causes the decrease of light transmittance and reflectivity, and the environmental dust pollutes the lamps and indoor surfaces. Causes the light output efficiency of the lamp and the decrease of the indoor surface reflectivity. (PS: Some of the many factors that cause light loss can be restored by cleaning the fixtures and indoor surfaces or replacing the light source. This is called recoverable loss factor, while other factors involve lamps and ballasts. Or loss, unless the lamp is replaced, etc., it is impossible to recover, called the unrecoverable light loss factor.)
12, general lighting general lighting
Also known as "background lighting" or "environmental lighting," is the basis of a lighting plan that refers to non-directional lighting that fills the room, creating a generally adequate lighting base for all activities in a space room.
13, partition general lighting localized general lighting
An evolutionary version of general illumination, designed to illuminate the general illumination of a particular area, such as the place where it is being worked, with different illuminations.
14, local lighting local lighting
In order to meet the special needs of certain parts of the room, the lighting mode of the lighting fixtures is set within a certain range.
The luminaire is usually mounted above the work surface. The local illumination method achieves higher illumination with a smaller source power in a localized range, while also making it easier to adjust and change the direction of the light. The local illumination method is often used in the following situations. For example, local illumination is required for higher illumination. If the general illumination does not reach a certain range due to occlusion, it is necessary to reduce the reflection glare in the work area, and to enhance the illumination in a certain direction to enhance the building. Material sense. However, only local illumination is likely to cause visual fatigue on a work surface that is continuously working for a long time.
15, mixed lighting mixed lighting
Illumination consisting of general illumination and local illumination. Used to create more flexible lighting effects.
16, accent lighting
Also known as "decorative lighting", to increase the illumination of a given area or target, making it more prominent than the surrounding area. It is often used to emphasize specific parts or furnishings of space, such as architectural elements, architecture, kitchens, collectibles, decorations and artwork, museum artifacts, etc.
17, normal lighting normal lighting
Lighting used under normal conditions.
18, emergency lighting emergency lighting
Illumination enabled due to power failure of normal lighting. Emergency lighting includes evacuation lighting, safety lighting, and standby lighting. The most common in life is the emergency lights and safe evacuation lights that can be seen everywhere in the corridor.
19, evacuation lighting evacuation lighting
Emergency lighting to ensure that evacuation channels are effectively identified and used.
Figure: Evacuation lights
20, safety lighting safety lighting
Emergency lighting to ensure the safety of personnel at risk.
21, standby lighting stand-by lighting
Emergency lighting to ensure that normal activities continue or temporarily continue.
Figure: Emergency light for the brightness of the corridor when the corridor is closed
22, stroboscopic effect stroboscopic effect
Under the illumination of light with a certain frequency, it is observed that the motion of the object exhibits a phenomenon different from its actual motion.
23, light-emitting diode ( LED ) lamp light emitting diode lamp
A semiconductor device that emits light by an electro-solid light as a lamp of an illumination source.
Figure: LED
24, light intensity distribution distribution of luminous intensity
The curve or table is used to indicate the luminous intensity value of the light source or the luminaire in all directions of the space, also called light distribution.
Light intensity distribution diagram
25, the luminous efficacy of the light source luminous efficacy of a light source
The luminosity obtained by dividing the luminous flux emitted by the light source by the power of the light source is referred to as the luminous efficacy of the light source. The unit is lumens per watt (lm/W).
26, luminaire efficiency luminaire efficiency
Under the specified conditions of use, the ratio of the total luminous flux emitted by the luminaire to the total luminous flux emitted by all sources within the luminaire, also known as the luminaire's optical output ratio.
Figure: Schematic diagram of lamp efficiency
27, luminaire efficacy luminaire efficacy
The ratio of the total luminous flux emitted by the luminaire to the power it inputs under the specified conditions of use. The unit is lumens per watt (lm/W).
Figure: Schematic diagram of lamp performance
28. Uniformity ratio of illuminance
Specifies the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance on the surface, symbolized U0.
29, glare glare
A visual phenomenon that causes an uncomfortable feeling or a reduced ability to observe a detail or target due to an unfavorable brightness distribution or a range of brightness in the field of view, or an extreme contrast.
Figure: Position and angle relationship between glare and illuminator relative to the eye
30, direct glare direct glare
The glare produced by the illuminant present in the field of view, especially in the direction of the line of sight.
Figure: The most common direct glare: car lights, a dozen high beams, within 100 meters, all 瞎······
31, uncomfortable glare discom for tglare
A glare that produces an uncomfortable feeling, but does not necessarily reduce the visibility of the visual object.
32, unified glare value unified glare rating (UGR)
The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is a measure of the psychological parameters of the subjective response to discomfort caused by the light emitted by a lighting device in a visual environment.
33, glare value glare rating (GR)
The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is used to measure the psychological parameters of stadiums and other outdoor venue lighting devices that are subjectively responsive to human eye discomfort.
34, reflective glare by reflection
The glare caused by the reflection in the field of view, especially the glare generated by the reflected image near the line of sight.
Reflective glare
35. Light curtain reflection
A specular reflection of a visual object that reduces the contrast of the visual object such that it is difficult to see the detail partially or completely.
Figure: Smooth plane is very easy to produce light curtain reflection
36, lighting angle shading angle of luminaire
The angle between the plane of the light exit port and the line of sight where the spot is not visible.
Shading angle of the luminaire
37, color rendering
The source exhibits the characteristics of the object's color compared to a reference standard source.
Figure: The same piece of clothing, the color difference brings the difference.
38, color rendering index
A measure of the color rendering of a light source. It is expressed by the degree of coincidence of the color of the object under the measured light source and the color of the object under the reference standard light source.
Figure: Schematic representation of the reproducibility of color by different color rendering indices.
39. General color rendering index
The average of the color rendering index of the 1-8 standard color samples specified by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). Known as the color rendering index, the symbol is Ra.
40, special color rendering index special colour rendering index
The color rendering index of the 9-15th standard color sample selected by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), symbol Ri.
41, color temperature colour tmeperature
When the chromaticity of the light source is exactly the same as the chromaticity of the black body at a certain temperature, the absolute temperature of the black body is the color temperature of the light source. Also known as "chroma". The unit is open (K).
Figure: Color temperature diagram
42. Correlation color temperature correlated colour temperature
When the chromaticity point of the light source is not on the black body trajectory, and the chromaticity of the light source is closest to the chromaticity of the black body at a certain temperature, the absolute temperature of the black body is the correlated color temperature of the light source, referred to as the correlated color temperature. The symbol is Tcp and the unit is on (K).
43, color tolerance chromaticity tolerances
Deviation of the light source and the nominal color of the light source in a batch of light sources is represented by the color matching standard deviation SDCM.
44, luminous flux maintenance rate luminous flux maintenance
The ratio of the luminous flux of a light source to its initial luminous flux after a given ignition time.
45, reflectance reflectance
The ratio of the reflected radiant flux or luminous flux to the incident radiant flux or luminous flux at a given state of the spectral composition, polarization state, and geometric distribution of the incident radiation.
46, lighting power density lighting power density (LPD)
Installation power for general lighting per unit area (including auxiliary power devices such as light sources, ballasts or transformers) in watts per square meter (W/m2).
47, room shape index room index
A value indicating the geometry of a room or place, the value of which is 2 times the room or site area and the difference between the perimeter of the room or site and the difference between the height of the fixture and the height of the face.
48, annual exposure exposure
The value of the cumulative illuminance of the object is measured by the product of the illuminance received by the object and the accumulated hour of the year, in units of annual lux hours (lx·h/a).
49, color vector map Color Vector
The TM-30-15 also provides a color vector map while providing dual metrics, providing a more intuitive message to indicate color shifts and saturation changes for various colors.
Color vector diagram
50, color purity Color Vector
Color purity is the auxiliary representation when the color is described by the dominant wavelength. In terms of percentage, it is defined as the chromaticity of the object to be tested and the chromaticity of the E light source (ie, the white light source, etc.) The linear distance of the coordinate, which is the percentage of the spectral distance of the E-light source to the spectral trajectory of the main wavelength of the device to be tested (Spectral Locus), the higher the purity, the closer the chromaticity coordinate of the device to be tested is to the spectral color of the dominant wavelength.
Original image, softer colors
Add 80% color purity, colorful and moving
Reduces color purity by 80%, and the color is darker
Carbide Taps
OPT Diamond Cutting Tools Co., Ltd are a professional manufacture in producing Cutter Taps ,Thread Forming Taps,pipe taps etc . We offer a complete range of taps in carbide, CPM and HSS-E.For carbide taps, we provied regular stock, and we also provide customization for your designs and logo. It is important to choose a professinonal manufacture to work with you, in order to communicate every details in the design. Our reputation has been built on quality, design and service – all at a competitive price. No matter you are a agent buyer or a factory source for self-use, we will be your most trusted partner.
Carbide taps is used to cut a screw thread in material with a pilot hole, threading is a process of both external and internal machining of threads into a workpiece. A number of angles and measurements defines the thread of the screws and bolts. All are of importance:
The lead is the distance through which a screw advances with one turn in the direction of the shaft. There are single lead threads and multiple lead threads. Multiple lead threads are able to feed faster with fewer revolutions.
The pitch is the distance between the corresponding threads in the axial direction.
The effective diameter is the midway point between the crest and root. In other words, the point where the internal thread and external thread overlap when screws are meshed together. The effective diameter is, along with pitch, one of the most important dimensions in threads.
According to the application, there are several kinds of taps: Machine and hand taps, spiral flute taps, spiral pointed taps, thread forming taps, and Pipe taps and thread milling cutter.
1. Machine and hand taps
The very standard tap, mostly are the Straight flute tap. Typically, tap is constituted by a working portion and a shank portion. The working portion is divided into a cutting portion and a calibration section, the cutting portion having a cutting bevel, responsible for cutting work. The calibration section is used to calibrate the size and the shape of the thread.
2. Spiral flute taps:
The spiral flutes have high cutting performance, eject chips smoothly, leave no chips in the hole bottom, suitable for tapping sticky materials. The chip-hold groove of Spiral fluted tap is spiral. According to the application, they are divided into two kinds: Left spiral flute tap and right spiral flute tap. Left Spiral flute tap tapping the chip to the bottom, suitable for through hole. Right spiral flute tap tapping scraps discharge upwards, so its suitable for blind holes.
3.Spiral pointed taps:
Suitable for through-hole and deep thread, have high strength, long life, fast cutting, dimensional stability, explicit tooth pattern (especially fine tooth). It opens chute in the side of the cutting edge of the straight groove, to form an angle, the chips are discharged forward when threading, suitable for through-hole processing. Relatively large core size design, good strength, can withstand greater cutting force. It is suitable for processing of non-ferrous metals and stainless steel and black metallic.
4. Thread forming taps:
These taps make threads by deforming the materials and do not produce chips. They are suitable for the blind holes of rather soft material or non-ferrous metals. The internally extruded and threaded metal has fibers which are continuous and has high tensile strength and shear strength, and has good surface roughness too.
5. Pipe taps
The pipe taps are used for mechanical joints purpose which is cutting the pipe fitting threads. There are two kinds of types, taps for parallel threads and taps for taper threads. The parallel threads are used for mechanical joints. The taper threads are used for pressure type joints such as water pipes and gas pipes.
6. Thread Milling cutter:
The thread milling cutter is a new developed processing tool in recent years. Its the combination of the milling cutter and the tap, using milling for machining the thread, so we call it the thread milling cutter. It is suitable for processing the large aperture work piece, avoid the disadvantage of high cost for large size Taps.
We are specialize in manufacturing PCD diamond tools and Carbide tools. Our major product include PCD Inserts , PCD Reamers , PCD End Mills , PCD Taps, Carbide Inserts, Carbide Drills, Carbide Reams, Taps etc.. Premium quality of raw material is used in the production and strict examination during processing with advanced equipment. Our best selling of cutting tools include PCD Inserts, PCD End Mill, PCD Reamer, Carbide Taps, Carbide End Mills, Special Form Cutter and many more.
Target of our OPT cutting tools is always to improve your productivity and lower total cost. If you encounter problems such as high-speed, high precision requirements, low tool life and so on in the processing, you may contact us to recommend appropriate design for you, we can provide customization per your drawing. We looking forward to make a long business relationship with you.
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We are specialize in manufacturing PCD diamond tools and Carbide tools. Our major product inclulde PCD inserts, PCD Reamers, PCD End Mills, PCD Taps, Cabide Inserts,Carbide Drills, Carbide Reams, Taps etc.,
We also offered customized cutting tools per drawings, and provide package according to customer requirements. We manufacture a series range of cutting tools for machining of Cast iron, Aluminium alloy and Non-Ferros metal, it is widely used in all major sectors like Automobiles, Engineering, Aerospace, Aviation and 3C industry. Premium quality of raw material is used in the production and strict examination during processing with advanced equipment, so our client are satisfied with our reliable quality and on-time delivery.
Our best selling of cutting tools include PCD Inserts, PCD End Mill, PCD Ball Nose Mill, PCD Reamer, Carbide Taps, Carbide End Mill, Special Form Cutter and many more. For these years we have been made a large forward in the technologies of manufacturing cutting tools. With high quality on performance and price, our product sells well both on domestic and overseas market. And we will always focus on the quality and best service, to make long business relationship.
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We have dedicated team of quality control and precise equipment to keep good and stable performance for our products and processing services.
Carbide Taps,Thread Tap,Solid Carbide Taps,Pipe Tap Set
OPT Cutting Tools Co., Ltd. , https://www.optdiamondtoolss.com