Recently, I've been having a lot of conversations with friends about issues related to cable connections in antenna manufacturing. I'd like to share some of my personal experiences and insights here. From what I've observed, many of these problems stem from a lack of both long-term and short-term planning in the design and implementation process.
Let's start by introducing two special types of transmission lines: the quarter-wave and half-wave transmission lines. The figures below illustrate these concepts.
This image shows a quarter-wave transmission line. For instance, common RF coaxial cables such as 75Ω or 50Ω can act as a quarter-wave line at specific frequencies when cut to the appropriate length. One of the key characteristics of this section is that at the corresponding frequency, if one end is shorted, the other end appears to have infinite impedance. Similarly, if one end is open, the other side will have very low impedance.
This same principle applies to parallel transmission lines, like the 300Ω balanced lines that were widely used in the past. The next figure demonstrates this concept.
These properties of the quarter-wave line are not just theoretical—they can be incredibly useful in practical applications. For example, the half-wave dipole antenna shown in the following images takes advantage of this behavior.
The top-left image shows a typical half-wave dipole made of two metal rods or tubes. Unlike some other antenna designs, this structure doesn't have a clear ground point, which makes it ideal for certain applications. The folded dipole also solves similar issues effectively. Inside the dotted box, you can see a quarter-wave transmission line that's shorted at the bottom, resulting in high impedance at the top. This feature is used to support the antenna without grounding it directly.
Understanding this structure helps explain why certain antenna designs work so well. The next image shows a similar configuration.
Looking at the 2.4GHz feed structure in the image below, you can see how this principle is applied in real-world antenna systems.
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