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Active Power

P = 3UφIφCOSφ = √3UIcosφ

Apparent Power

S = 3UφIφ = √3UI

Apparent power, active power, and reactive power form a right triangle known as the power triangle, so:

S = √(P² + Q²)

Cosφ = P / S

Cosφ is called the power factor, and φ represents the phase angle between voltage and current.

The power factor is a crucial technical parameter for electrical equipment. It depends on the relative values of resistance and reactance in the load. A higher power factor means more efficient use of electrical energy.

Typical power factors for loads range from 0.7 to 0.9, though some may be lower. A low power factor can negatively affect the performance of the power system in several ways:

• It limits the utilization of the power supply’s capacity.
• When the active power and voltage are fixed, a lower power factor leads to a higher current demand, which increases losses and reduces efficiency.

Improving the power factor through capacitors or Other methods can enhance system efficiency, reduce energy costs, and improve overall performance. Understanding these concepts is essential for engineers and technicians working with electrical systems.